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The exact mechanism of the development of seizures in autism is still unclear however,the mTOR pathway has been implicated to be common to both autism and specific forms of idiopathic generalized epilepsy.Īdditionally, the electroencephalogram of up to 60% of children with autism shows epileptiform discharges. Individuals with autism or Asperger syndrome are at an increased risk of developing seizures and epilepsy. Recently, a lot of research has been focusing on the pathophysiology of autism and its association with other neurological and psychiatric disorders. Early intervention including appropriate and specialized educational programs and support services plays a critical role in improving the outcome of individuals with PDD.Image: “Spike Waves” by Der Lange. Others function well in standard special education classes or regular classes with support. Some children with PDD benefit from specialized classrooms in which the class size is small and instruction is given on a one-to-one basis. Medications are used to address certain behavioral problems therapy for children with PDD should be specialized according to the child's specific needs. However, some parents view the PDD label as no more than an euphemism for autism spectrum disorders, problematic because this label makes it more difficult to receive aid for Early Childhood Intervention. The unspoken assumption is that by the age of 5, unusual behaviors will either resolve or develop into diagnosable autism. There are several justifications for this: very young children have limited social interaction and communication skills to begin with, therefore it can be tricky to diagnose milder cases of autism in toddlerhood. Some clinicians use PDD-NOS as a "temporary" diagnosis for children under the age of 5, when for whatever reason there is a reluctance to diagnose autism. Unusual responses to sensory information – loud noises, lights – are also common. Repetitive play skills and limited social skills are generally evident as well. Some children do not speak at all, others speak in limited phrases or conversations, and some have relatively normal language development. Other types of PDD include Asperger's syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, Rett syndrome, and PDD not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS).Ĭhildren with PDD vary widely in abilities, intelligence, and behaviors.

Repetitive body movements or behavior patternsĪutism, a developmental brain disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication skills, and limited range of activities and interests, is the most characteristic and best studied PDD.

Difficulty with changes in routine or familiar surroundings.

Unusual play with toys and other objects.

Difficulty relating to people, objects, and events.

Difficulty using and understanding language.

Symptoms of PDD may include communication problems such as: To further complicate the issue, PDD-NOS can also be referred to as “atypical personality development,” “atypical PDD,” or “atypical Autism”. PDD is not itself a diagnosis, while PDD-NOS is a diagnosis. PDD-NOS is often incorrectly referred to as simply “PDD.” The term PDD refers to the class of conditions to which Autism belongs. Both approaches contribute to confusion about the term, because the term PDD actually refers to a category of disorders and is not a diagnostic label. Others use the general category label of PDD because they are hesitant to diagnose very young children with a specific type of PDD, such as autism. Many use the term PDD as a short way of saying PDDNOS. There is a division among doctors on the use of the term PDD. However, PDDs are correlated with poverty, suicides, crimes, and a variety of medical problems. PDD itself generally does not affect life expectancy. Parents may note symptoms of PDD as early as infancy and typically onset is prior to 3 years of age. The most commonly known PDD is (1) Autism, with the remaining identified as (2) Rett syndrome, (3) Childhood disintegrative disorder, (4) Asperger syndrome, and (5) Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (or PDD-NOS). The diagnostic category pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), as opposed to specific developmental disorders (SDD), refers to a group of five disorders characterized by delays in the development of multiple basic functions including socialization and communication. Pervasive developmental disorder Classification & external resources ICD-10

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